On Marriage and Divorce

Chapter 1: On Marriage

Section 1: On Asking for the Hand in Marriage

Article 1034 - It is lawful to ask for the hand of a woman to whose marriage there is no obstacle.

Article 1035 - A promise of marriage does not create the matrimonial relation even though the whole or some of the dowry fixed for payment at the time of marriage between the two parties may have been paid. Either the man or the woman, therefore, can, so long as the ceremonial act of marriage has not been pronounced, refuse the marriage and the other party cannot oblige her or him to contract the marriage or claim compensation for losses merely owing to the refusal.

Article 1036 - Repealed on 29 December 1982.

Article 1037 - Every one of the betrothed parties can , if the proposed marriage is cancelled, claim the restitution of the presents given to the other party or to the parents for the marriage in question. If the presents do not exist in original, the claimant is entitled to ask for their value of the presents which are ordinarily preserved unless the same presents have been destroyed without any fault of the party who was in their possession.

Article 1038 - The stipulation of the foregoing Article does not apply as far as it concerns the payment of equivalent value in a case where the proposed marriage does not take place in consequence of the death of one of the betrothed persons.

Article 1039 - Repealed on 29 December 1982.

Article 1040- Each one of the parties concerned can, with a view to contracting marriage, ask the other party to produce a certificate of a doctor showing the freedom of the person concerned from serious contagious diseases such as syphilis, gonorrhoea and consumption.

Chapter 2: Medical Fitness for Marriage

Note - Marriage before puberty by the permission of the Guardian and on condition of taking into consideration the ward’s interest is proper.

Article 1042 - Repealed on 29 December 1982.

Article 1043 - The marriage of a girl who has not married previously is dependent on the permission of her father or her paternal grandfather even if she has reached the full age of majority . If, however, the father or the paternal grandfather withhold the permission without justifiable reason, the girl can refer to the Special Civil Court giving full particulars of the man whom she wants to marry and also the terms of the marriage and the dowry money agreed upon and notify her father or her paternal grandfather through that Court of the foregoing particulars The Court can issue a permission for marriage fifteen days after the date of notification to the guardian if no response has been received from the guardian to satisfy refusal.

Article 1044 - If the father or the paternal grandfather are not present in the place and obtaining their permission is customarily impossible and the girl is in need of marriage, she can marry. Note - Registration of such a marriage in the Marriage Registry shall be pending on proving the above - cited instances in the Special Civil Court.

Chapter 3: On Impediments to Marriage

Article 1045 - Marriage with the following relations by blood is forbidden, even if the relationship is based on mistake or adultery:

1 - Marriage with father or grandfather, mother or grandmothers, or to their ancestors to whatever generation.

2 - Marriage with children, or descendants to whatever generation.

3 - Marriage with the brother and sister and their children, or their descendants to whatever generation.

4 - Marriage with one’s own paternal aunts and maternal aunts and those one’s father, mother, grandfathers and grandmothers.

Article 1046 - Foster relationship is the same as relationship by blood as far as impediments to marriage are concerned, provided that:

1 - The milk of the woman takes its source from a legitimate conception.

2 - The milk is sucked directly from the breast.

3 - The child has at least had full milk for 24 hours (one night and on day) or for 15 consecutive times without taking in between any other food or milk of another woman.

4 - The child has taken the milk before it has reached the full age of two years (from its birth): and

5 - The milk taken by the child is from the same woman with the same husband. If, therefore, a child takes during twenty - four hours some milk from one woman and some from another, this fact does not debar marriage even if the two women have a common husband.

In the same way, if a woman has a foster-daughter and a foster-son whom she has milked each from the milk belonging to a separate husband, that son and daughter cannot be considered as foster brother and sister and their marriage is not prohibited for this reason.

Article 1047 - Marriage between the following persons is permanently forbidden because of relationship by marriage.

1 – Marriage, between a man and his mother-in-law or his grandmother-in-law of any degree, whether the relationship is by blood or foster - relationship

2 - Marriage between a man and woman who has formerly been the wife of his father or of one of his grandfathers, or of his son or of one his grandchildren even though the relationship may be of the foster kind

3 - Between a man with females of descent from his wife, no matter of what degree no exception being made even if the woman is a foster - relation, provided that the husband and wife have already consummated the marriage.

Article 1048 - Marrying of two sisters by the same by one man is forbidden even if the marriage of each one of them is of temporary nature.

Article 1049 - No one can marry the daughter of his brother-in-law or the daughter of his sister - in - law unless his wife permits him to do so.

Article 1050 - Every person who marries a woman knowing of the existence of marriage ties binding the wife and of prohibition of his own marriage with that woman, or who marries a woman who has not yet passed the period of “uddeh” of divorce or of death, with knowledge of the existence of the “uddeh” and the prohibition of the marriage, his marriage will be null and void and the woman in question will definitely and permanently be incapable of becoming the wife of that man.

Article 1051 - The provisions of the foregoing Article will also be applicable in the case where the marriage was solemnized with ignorance of all or some of the facts mentioned in the foregoing Article, and the marriage has been consummated. In the case of ignorance, but where matrimonial relations have not taken place, the marriage will be null and void but marriage between the two does not become permanently prohibited.

Article 1052 - Separation caused by a solemn imprecation (li’an) involves a permanent bar to the marriage of the parties concerned. Article 1053 - A marriage contract will not be valid while the party concerned is covered with the pilgrimage garment . If the party concerned marries with knowledge of the fact that such a marriage is prohibited, the marriage will be barred forever.

Article 1054 - Adultery with a married woman who has not yet passed the period of uddeh, will entail a permanent bar to the marriage of the parties concerned.

Article 1055 - Sexual intercourse by mistake or by adultery if preceding marriage is tantamount to the existence of marriage as far as prohibition of marriage is concerned but cannot cause cancellation of the former marriage.

Article 1056 - One who perpetrates a shameful act on a boy cannot marry his mother, sister, or daughter.

Article 1057 - A woman who has been the wife of a man for three consecutive times and has been divorced each time will become unlawful as wife to that man unless she is married by permanent marriage to another man and, after matrimonial relations with that man, separation occurs between them by divorce or cancellation of the marriage or death.

Article 1058 - The wife of a person who has been divorced from him nine times, six of which were revocable divorce, will be illegal as wife to that man for ever.

Article 1059 - Marriage of a female Moslem with a non-Moslem is not allowed.

Article 1060 - Marriage of an Iranian woman with a foreign national is dependent, even in cases where there is no legal impediment, upon special permission of the Government.

Article 1061 - The Government can make the marriage of certain Government servants and officials and students supported by the Government with a female foreign national dependent upon special permission.

Chapter 4: Circumstances Necessary for Legality of Marriage

Article 1063 - The proposal and acceptance may be uttered by the man and woman themselves or by persons who are legally entitled to perform the act.

Article 1064 - The person who performs the act must be sane in mind, of legal age, and capable of forming, a decision.

Article 1065 - It is a necessary for the validity of a marriage that acceptance should follow close upon proposal, in accordance with custom.

Article 1066 - If one or both of the parties to the marriage are dumb, the ceremony can be conducted by signs made by the dumb person or persons provided that the signs clearly convey the intention of entering into the contract of marriage.

Article 1067 - It is a necessary condition for the validity of a marriage that the wife and husband should be so declared that neither party is in doubt as to the identity of the other.

Article 1068 - Making marriage conditional will render it void.

Article 1069 - A provision in the marriage contract reserving the right of cancellation of the contract, if made, will be null and void. But in a permanent marriage, a provision entitling one of the parties withhold the dowry is permissible provided that duration of this is definitely mentioned . After cancellation of the grant of dowry (sudaq) the situation will be as if no dowry is mentioned in the contract of marriage.

Article 1070- Consent of the marrying parties is the condition upon which depends the enforcement of the marriage contract, and if a party showing at first reluctance authorizes the making of the contract subsequently, the contract will be binding unless the reluctance is so acute that the reluctant person cannot be considered as having been in possession of any intention.

Chapter 5: Deputing a Third Party for Giving Consent to Marriage

Article 1071 - Either the man or woman can depute a third party with power to contract the marriage.

Article 1072 - If power is given without conditions as to the identity of the, husband, the attorney cannot himself marry his principal under that power unless this permission is explicitly given to him in the power of attorney.

Article 1073 - If the attorney does not observe what his principal has laid down in connection with the person or the dowry or other particulars, the authenticity of the marriage will depend upon corroboration from the principal.

Article 1074 - The provisions of the preceding Article will also be binding where the power was without any reservation and the attorney did not act according to the best interests of his principal.

Chapter 6: On Temporary Marriage

Article 1075 - Marriage is called temporary when it is for a limited period of time.

Article 1076 - The duration of the temporary marriage must be definitely determined. 

Article 1077 - In the case of temporary marriage , provisions concerning inheritance of the wife and her dowry are the same as fixed in the Chapter on inheritance’ and in the following Chapter.

Chapter 7: On the Dowry (MAHR)

Article 1078 - Anything which can be called property and which can be owned and possessed can be designated as a marriage portion.

Article 1079 - The marriage portion must be known to the marrying parties to the extent that their ignorance is removed.

Article 1080 - Fixing of the amount of marriage portion depends upon the mutual consent of the marrying parties.

Article 1081 - If a condition is laid in the marriage act that if the marriage portion is not paid within a fixed period that marriage will be cancelled, the marriage and the marriage portion will remain binding and authentic but the condition will be null and void.

Article 1082 - Immediately after the performance of the marriage ceremony the wife becomes the owner of the marriage portion and can dispose of it in any way and manner that she may like.

Article 1083 - A duration of time or installments can be fixed for the payment of the marriage portion, as a whole or in parts.

Article 1084 - If the marriage portion consists of a designated property and it is found out that before the celebration of the marriage, that property was defective, or that after the marriage celebration and before the delivery of the property it becomes defective or it was destroyed.

Article 1085 - So long as the marriage portion is not delivered to her, the wife can refuse to fulfil the duties which she has to her husband provided, however, that the marriage portion is payable at once. This refusal does not debar her from right of maintenance expenses.

Article 1086 -If the wife proceeds to fulfil the duties that she has towards her husband by her own free will, she cannot subsequently avail herself of the provisions of the foregoing Article, but never the less she will not forfeit the right that she has for demanding the payment of the marriage portion due to her.

Article 1087 - If a marriage portion is not mentioned, or if the absence of marriage portion is stipulated in a permanent marriage, that marriage will be authentic and the parties to it can fix the marriage portion subsequently by mutual consent. If previous to this mutual consent matrimonial intercourse takes place between them, the wife will be entitled to the marriage portion ordinarily due.

Article 1088 - In the case of the foregoing Article, if one of the marrying parties dies before the fixing of the marriage portion and before the consummation of marriage, the wife will not be entitled to any marriage portion. 

Article 1089 - Authority for fixing the marriage portion can be entrusted to the husband or a third party, in which case both of them can fix it at any amount they may wish.

Article 1090 - If the authority for fixing the marriage portion is vested in the wife, she cannot fix an amount which exceeds reasonable marriage portion.

Article 1091 - In fixing of the reasonable marriage portion the status of the wife in respect of her family’s station and other circumstances and peculiarities concerning her in comparison with her equals and relatives and also the customs of the locality, etcetera, must be considered.

Article 1092 -If the husband divorces his wife before the consummation of marriage, the wife be entitled to half of the marriage portion and if the husband has already paid more than half of the marriage portion he has the right to demand the return of the surplus, in original, in the equivalent, or in va1ue.

Article 1093 - If no marriage portion is mentioned in the act of marriage and the husband divorces his wife before the consummation of marriage and the fixing of the marriage portion, the wife is entitled to a reasonable marriage portion, and if she is divorced after the consumption of marriage, she will be entitled to the equivalent of marriage portion.

Article 1094- The status of the man in respect of wealth or poverty will be considered in fixing the reasonable marriage portion.

Article 1095 - Absence of marriage portion in the act of a temporary marriage will render the contract void.

Article 1096 - The death of the wife in a temporary marriage during the period of marriage will not cause the forfeiture of the marriage portion; the same will be true if the husband did not have any relations with her up to the end of the period of the marriage.

Article 1097 - If the husband waives his rights to the whole period of marriage in a temporary marriage before having any relations with the wife, he must pay half of the marriage portion.

Article 1098 - If the marriage, whether temporary or permanent, was void, and there has not been any matrimonial relations, the wife will not be entitled to any marriage portion and the husband can demand the refund of the marriage portion if it has been settled.

Article 1099 - If the wife was ignorant of the fact that the marriage was unauthentic, and if in such case matrimonial relations have occurred, the wife will be entitled to a reasonable marriage portion.

Article 1100 - If the specified marriage portion is unknown or if it is not of such a nature that it can be owned or if it belongs to reasonable marriage portion and in the third case to the equivalent of the value of the property which proved to be that of a third party, unless the latter authorizes the transfer.

Article 1101 - If the marriage is cancelled before matrimonial relations for any reason, the wife is not entitled to any marriage portion . If the reason of cancellation is impotency, the wife will be entitled to half the marriage portion notwithstanding the cancellation of the marriage. 

Chapter 8: Reciprocal Duties and Rights of Parties to a Marriage

Article 1102 - As soon as marriage takes place in due form, relations of matrimony will automatically exist between the marrying parties and rights and reciprocal duties of husband and wife will be established between them.

Article 1103 - Husband and wife are bound to establish friendly relations.

Article 1104 - Husband and wife must cooperate with each other for the welfare of their family and the education of their children.

Article 1105 - In relations between husband and wife; the position of the head of the family is the exclusive right of the husband.

Article 1106 - The cost of maintenance of the wife is at the charge of the husband in permanent marriages.

Article 1107 - Cost of maintenance includes dwelling, clothing, food, furniture in proportion to the situation of the wife, on a reasonable basis, and provision of a servant if the wife is accustomed to have servants or if she needs one because of illness or defects of limbs.

Article 1108 - If the wife refuses to fulfill duties of a wife without legitimate excuse, she will not be entitled to the cost of maintenance.

Article 1109 - Cost of maintenance of a divorced wife during the period of “uddeh” is to be borne by the husband, unless the divorce has taken place because of disobedience. But if the uddeh arises from the cancellation of the marriage or a final divorce, the wife is not entitled to cost of maintenance, unless she is with child from her husband in which case she shall be entitled to cost of maintenance till her child is born.

Article 1110 - The wife is not entitled to cost of maintenance if she is passing through the uddeh period due to the death of her husband.

Article 1111 - The wife can refer to the court if her husband refuses to provide for her maintenance. In such a case the court will fix the amount and will compel the husband to pay it.

Article 1112 - If the enforcement of the provisions of the foregoing Article is impossible, the provisions of Article 1129 must be followed.

Article 1113 - In the case of a temporary marriage the wife is not entitled to the cost of maintenance, unless provision has been specially made for this, or the marriage has been arranged on this condition.

Article 1114 - The wife must stay in the dwelling that the husband allots for her unless such a right is reserved to the wife.

Article 1115 - If the existence of the wife and husband in the same house involves the risk of bodily or financial injury or that to the dignity of the wife, she can choose a separate dwelling: and if the alleged risk is proved the court will not order her to return to the house of the husband and, so long as she is authorized not to return to the house, her cost of maintenance will be on the charge of her husband.

Article 1116 - In the case of the foregoing Article, so long as litigation is not concluded between the married couple, the dwelling of the wife will be fixed by mutual consent of both parties and failing such consent, the court will fix the dwelling after duly obtaining the views of near relatives, and in the absence of relatives the court itself will fix a suitable dwelling.

Article 1117 - The husband can prevent his wife from occupations or technical work which is incompatible with the family interests or the dignity of himself or his wife.

Article 1118 - The wife can independently do what she likes with her own property.

Article 1119 - The parties to the marriage can stipulate any condition to the marriage which is not incompatible with the nature of the contract of marriage, either as part of the marriage contract or in another binding contract: for example, it can be stipulated that if  he husband marries another wife or absents him self during a certain period, or discontinues the payment of cost of maintenance, or attempts the life of his wife or treats  her so harshly that their life together becomes unbearable, the wife has the power, which she can also transfer to a third party by power of attorney to obtain a divorce herself after establishing in the court the fact that one of the foregoing alternatives has occurred and after the issue of a final judgment to that effect.

Section 2: On Dissolution of Marriage 

Article 1120 - Marriage may be dissolved by cancellation, by divorce, or by waiver of the remaining period in the case of a temporary marriage.

Chapter 1: On the Possibility of Cancellation of Marriage

Article 1121 - Madness of either of the married couple, provided that it is settled, whether it is permanent or recurrent, will give the other person the right of cancellation.

Article 1122 - The following defects in man will give the woman the right to cancel the marriage:

1 - Castration.

2 - Impotency, provided he has not even once performed the matrimonial act.

3 - Amputation of the sexual organ to the extent that he is unable to perform his marital duty.

Article 1123 - The following defects in a wife bring about the right for a man to cancel the marriage:

1 - Protrusion of the womb (qaran).

2 - Black leprosy (juzam).

3 - Leprosy (baras).

4 - Connection of the vaginal and anal passages (ifza).

5 - Being crippled.

6 - Being blind in both eyes.

Article 1124 - The defects of the wife entitle the man to a right of cancellation of marriage if they existed at the time of marriage.

Article 1125 - Madness and impotency create the right for the wife to cancel the marriage even if they occur after the date of the marriage.

Article 1126 - Any one of the married couple who was cognizant of the existence of the defects above mentioned in the other party before the marriage was celebrated, has no right after that date to cancel the marriage.

Article 1127 - If the husband contracts a venereal disease after the performance of the marriage act, the wife have the right to refuse to have any sexual relations with him and this refusal will not debar her from the right to cost of maintenance.

Article 1128 - If a special qualification is mentioned, as a condition of the marriage, to exist in one of the marrying parties and if after the marriage it is found out that the party concerned lacks the desired qualification, the other party has the right to cancel the marriage. The foregoing is true whether the qualification is mentioned explicitly in the marriage contract or whether the marriage has been performed with the qualification understood mutually by the parties concerned.

Article 1129 - If the husband refuses to pay the cost of maintenance of his wife, and if it is impossible to enforce a judgment of the court and to induce him to pay the expenses, the wife can refer to the judge applying for divorce and the judge will compel the husband to divorce her. The same stipulation will be binding in a case where the husband is unable to provide for the maintenance of the wife.

Article 1130 - In the following circumstances, the wife can refer to the Islamic judge and request for a divorce. When it is proved to the Court that the continuation of the marriage causes difficult and undesirable conditions, the judge can for the sake of avoiding harm and difficulty compel the husband to, divorce his wife. If this cannot be done, then the divorce will be made on the permission of the Islamic judge.

Article 1131 - The option of cancellation of marriage must be exercised immediately and, if the party who is entitled to the option does not cancel the marriage after becoming cognizant of the reason upon which he could cancel the marriage, he forfeits the option, provided also that he had full knowledge of the existence of the option and its urgent character. Determination of the duration of time during which the option can remain valid depends upon custom and usage. 

Article 1132 - The observance of the arrangements stipulated in the case of a divorce is not obligatory in a case of cancellation of marriage.

Chapter 2: On Divorce, General Considerations

Article 1133 - A man can divorce his wife whenever he wishes to do so.

Article 1134 - The divorce must be performed in the actual form of utterance and in the presence of at least two just men who must hear the actual form of divorce.

Article 1135 - Divorce must be in clear and precise wording, a conditional divorce is null and void.

Article 1136 - The divorcer must be of legal, must be in possession of his faculties, must intend the act and must be free in his action.

Article 1137 - The guardian of a permanently made person, can divorce the wife of the latter if the interests of the person under his custody allow him to do so.

Article 1138 - The actual ritual utterance of the divorce can be performed by an attorney.

Article 1139 - Divorce is specially appointed for cases of permanent marriage: a temporary wife is relieved from marriage by the expiry of the period of marriage or by waiver of the remaining period by her husband.

Article 1140 - It is not proper to divorce a wife during her monthly period or during the convalescent period after childbirth unless when the wife is pregnant or when the divorce occurs before matrimonial relations with her, or when the husband is absent so that he cannot obtain information concerning her monthly period.

Article 1141 - It is not proper to divorce a wife between two monthly periods during which intercourse has taken place unless the wife is pregnant or is incapable of conception.

Article 1142- The divorce of a wife who although of child - bearing age has no monthly period, will be valid only when three months have passed from the date of the last matrimonial relations with her.

Chapter 2. On Divorce, Various Forms of Divorce 

Article 1143 - There are two forms of divorce, irrevocable divorce and revocable divorce.

Article 1144 - After an irrevocable divorce the husband has not the right to renounce his intention of divorcing.

Article 1145 - A divorce is irrevocable in the following instances:

1 - A divorce performed before the occurrence of matrimonial relations

2 - Divorce of a wife who is incapable of conception.

3 - (a) a divorce which a wife achieves by giving a consideration to her husband and (Khul’a) and (b) a divorce by mutual consent (mubarat), as long as the wife has not demanded the return of the consideration.

4 - A third divorce, performed after three consecutive marriages (of the same parties) whether by mere renouncement by the husband of his desire to divorce the wife or by a new marriage between the two parties.

Article 1146 - A Khul’a divorce occurs when the wife obtains a divorce owing to dislike of her husband, against property which she cedes to the husband. The property in question may consist of the original marriage portion, or the monetary equivalent thereof, whether more or less than the marriage portion.

Article 1147 – A “Mubarat” divorce occurs when the dislike is mutual in which case the compensation must not be more than the marriage portion.

Article 1148 - The husband has the right to renounce divorce in a revocable divorce provide the period of “Iddah” has not expired.

Article 1149 - Return to the wife after divorce can be effected by any word or deed which may convey the idea, provided that it is based on an intention to do so. 

Chapter 3. On Wife’s Period of Waiting (Iddah)

Article 1150 - Iddah consists of a period during which a woman whose matrimonial bond has been dissolved cannot marry.

Article 1151 - The period of Iddah for a divorce or for the dissolution of a marriage consists of three consecutive monthly periods of a woman unless the woman concerned though of child bearing age has no monthly period, in which case the period of Iddah will be three months.

Article 1152 - The period of Iddah for divorce or dissolution of marriage or waiver of the remaining period or its expiry in the case of temporary marriage for a non– pregnant woman is the expiry of two monthly periods unless contrary to the nature of her age, she no such periods, in which case the period will be 45 days.

Article 1153 - The period of Iddah for divorce or dissolution of marriage act or waiver or expiry of the period of marriage in the case of a woman who is pregnant will be until she given birth to a child.

Article 1154 - The period of Iddah in the case of death (of husband) in both permanent and temporary marriages will be four months and ten days, unless the wife is pregnant when the uddeh comes to an end with the birth of the child provided that the interval between the death of the husband and the birth of the child is longer than four months and 10 days: if not, the period of uddeh will be the same four months and 10 days.

Article 1155 - There is no Iddah in the case of a wife who has not had any matrimonial intercourse with her husband, or in the case of a wife beyond the age of conception who is not affected by any uddeh for divorce or for dissolution of marriage. But the uddeh for death must be observed in both cases.

Article 1156 - The wife of a continuously absent husband whose whereabouts are unknown, if divorced by a judge, must observe uddah for death, starting from the date on which the divorce was granted.

Article 1157- A woman who has had matrimonial relations by way of mistake with someone must observe the uddah laid down in cases of divorce. 

On Children

Chapter 1: On Parentage

Article 1158 - Any child born during married life belongs to the husband provided that the interval between intercourse and the birth of the child is not less than 6 months and not more than 10 months.

Article 1159 - Any child born after the dissolution of marriage belongs to the husband provided that the mother has not yet married again and that not more.

Article 1160 - If the marriage is dissolved after matrimonial intercourse and the wife has married again and a child is born to be, the child belongs to the husband who can be identified as the child’s father according to the foregoing Articles. If the child could be attributed to both husbands according to the foregoing Articles, the child belongs to the second husband unless definite indications show otherwise.

Article 1161 - In the cases coming under the foregoing Articles, if the husband has explicitly or implicitly admitted that he is the father, his subsequent denial of this will be of no validity.

Article 1162 - In the cases coming under the foregoing Article, the plea of repudiation of the child can only be preferred within the delay ordinarily admissible for the preferment of such claims after the father known of the birth of the child. The plea will in any case not be heard after the expiry of two months from the date that the husband was informed of the birth of the child.

Article 1163 - In a case where the husband did not know the real date of birth of the child and was misguided by a wrong date according to which the child would belong to him and when the husband is informed subsequently of the real date of birth, the period of limitation for the plea of repudiation of the child is two months from the date on which he discovered the fraud.

Article 1164 - The provisions of the foregoing Articles will also be applicable in the case of a child born from sexual intercourse when one party was in error as to the other’s identity, although the mother may not have made any mistake.

Article 1165 - A child born after such mistaken sexual intercourse will belong to the party who made a mistake and if both parties were in error child belongs to both of them.

Article 1166 - If marriage between the parents of a child is illegitimate owing to the existence of any legal impediment, the relation of the child to that one of the parents who was ignorant of the existence of the impediment is legitimate, and its relation to the other party is illegitimate. If both parents were ignorant of the impediment, the relationship of both of them to the child is legitimate.

Article 1167 - A child born of adultery shall not belong to the adulterer. 

Chapter 2: On Maintenance and Education of the Children

Article 1168 - Maintenance of children is both the right and duty of the parents.

Article 1169 - A mother has preference over others for two years from the birth of her child for the custody of the child and after the lapse of this period custody will devolve on the father expect in the case of a daughter who will remain under the custody of the mother till 7 years.

Article 1170 - If the mother becomes insane or marriage another man during her period of custody, the custody will devolve on the father.

Article 1171 - If one of the parents dies, the custody will be the duty of the surviving although the deceased be the father and he may have appointed a guardian for the child.

Article 1172 - Neither of the parents can refuse to maintain the child during the time when he or she is responsible for its custody If he or she does so, the court must induce him or her, on application by the other party or the guardian or one of the relatives or the Public Prosecutor, to assume the custody. If such enforcement is impossible or ineffective the court must arrange the custody at the expense of the father, or of the mother in the event of the death of the former.

Article 1173 - If the physical health or moral education of the child is endangered as a result of carelessness or moral degradation of the father or mother who are in charge of its custody the court can take any decision appropriate for the custody of the child on the request of its relatives or its guardian or the Public Prosecutor.

Article 1174 - If the parents of the child do not live in the same house owing to divorce or any other reason, either of the parents who is not in charge of custody of the child has the right to visit the child. Determination of the time and place of visit and other particulars will be decided by the court if there is any dispute between the parents about them.

Article 1175 - A child cannot be taken from the parents or the father or the mother who is in charge of its custody except in cases where just fiction exists for doing so.

Article 1176 - The mother is not obliged to suckle the child unless the child cannot be fed except with the milk of its mother.

Article 1177 - A child must obey its parents and must respect them whatever its age.

Article 1178 - Parents are bound to take such measures as circumstances and their means allow for the education of their children. They must not leave their talents undeveloped.

Article 1179 - Parents are entitled to punish their children but they must not abuse this right by punishing their children beyond the limits of correction.

Chapter 3: On the Natural Guardianship of the Father and Paternal Grandfather over the Child

Article 1180 - A minor child is under the guardianship of its father or paternal grandfather. Such is also the case with a immature or insane child provided that the immaturity or mental unfitness continues from the age of minority.

Article 1181 - Either the father or the paternal grandfather has the right of guardianship over his children.

Article 1182 - If the child has both father and paternal grandfather and one of them becomes himself incapacitated or is prevented by some reason or other from administering the estate of his ward, his legal guardianship will cease.

Article 1183 - In all matters pertaining to the estate, and the civil and financial concerns of the ward, the guardian will be his or her legal representative.

Article 1184 - If the natural guardian of the child is unworthy of the administration of the estate of his ward or if he misappropriates property, the court will, on application by the relatives of the child or on the request of the Public Prosecutor who has to be a party to the suit, and after the establishment of the incapacity or dishonesty of the guardian, also appoint a financial trustee to work with the guardian. This provision will be applicable in a case where the guardian of the child is unable to administer the estate of his ward owing to old age or sickness or similar reasons.

Article 1185 - If the natural guardian of the child becomes incapacitated, the Public Prosecutor is obliged to appoint a guardian for the child according to the regulations governing the nomination of guardians.

Article 1186 - In cases where strong indications exist showing the dishonesty of the natural guardian in respect of the estate of his ward, the Public Prosecutor is obliged to apply to the Court of First Instance requesting that his actions may be investigated. The court will examine the complaint and will act according to Article 1184 if his dishonesty is proved.

Article 1187 - If the only natural guardian of a child cannot administer the estate of his ward owing to absence or imprisonment or owing to any other reason, and if he has not nominated anyone else to represent him, the court will appoint provisionally a guardian on the proposal of the Public Prosecutor for taking charge of the estate and attending to all matters pertaining to it.

Article 1188 - Either the father or the paternal grandfather can appoint after the death of the other, an executor for the child under his guardianship in order that the executor may attend, after his death, to the bringing up and the education of the children and may administer their estate.

Article 1189 - Neither the father nor the paternal grandfather can appoint an executor for his ward while the other is still living. Article 1190 - A father or paternal grandfather can authorize the guardian to nominate another guardian for his ward after the guardian’s death.

Article 1191 - If the guardian appointed by the natural guardian does not take steps for the maintenance or the education of his ward or for the administration of his estate or if he abstains from fulfilling his duties he will be discharged.

Article 1192 - A Moslem guardian cannot appoint a non - Moslem guardian for his ward.